Individual identification and diagnosis using wave polarization

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for use in the medical diagnosis of human and other bodies and also for use in the automatic machine interrogation of individuals for identifying persons such as those seeking credit or admittance to a security area. Oscillatory wave energy, preferably a sonic signal, is applied with a selected polarization to a first part of a body. The polarization of the wave energy transmitted through a portion of the body is detected at a second part of the body. Data representing the shift in polarization is stored for subsequent comparison to a polarization shift which is subsequently measured by the same steps. Comparison of the data representing the two polarization shifts can be used for quantitative and qualitative medical diagnosis as well as for an automatic machine decision whether the polarization shifts are sufficiently similar that they were derived from the same individual. The use of multiple frequencies permits the derivation of a polarization shift characteristic over a range of frequencies. Apparatus is disclosed comprising a wave generating transducer and a plurality of receiving transducers mounted in side-by-side arcuate arrangement for at least partially surrounding the second body part.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 607,234 filed Aug. 25, 1975,now U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,436.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to machine analysis, diagnosis andidentification of persons and more particularly relates to the use ofmetering and computing circuitry for detecting and processing data whichrepresents the polarization shift effected by a portion of a body.

Substantial research and development is currently being done ininterfacing human beings and electronic circuitry. For example, inbioengineering work is being done in the harnessing of electronictechnology for diagnosing and treating disease. In the area ofelectronic computers used for business data processing, systems arebeing sought for the rapid, accurate and automatic machineidentification of persons.

In the medical field, circuits have been disclosed for measuring theelectrical impedance of portions of the human body. Such circuits aredisclosed for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,085,566 and 3,340,867.

Still other circuits, such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,334,622,operate on a sonic radar principle utilizing the receipt of echoes todetect the position of organs and other anatomical features of the humanbody. Another system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,373 applies asharp blow to a human tooth and records its subsequent oscillation toprovide a graph which can be subjectively analyzed by a medicalprofessional to give an indication of peridontal health.

Computer aided identification of persons provides for rapid andautomatic determination of the identity of a person prior to admittingthat person to a security area or to giving that person access tosensitive data stored in a computer memory. Similarly, such machineidentification may be used in credit transactions. A person seekingcredit would not only present his credit card to a clerk but in additionwould be subjected to machine interrogation and identification toconfirm that this person is actually the one who owns the card beingpresented and is approved for the extension of credit.

Previous attempts to design a computer identification system have beendirected toward such things as voice print identification, finger printidentification or automatic signature identification. U.S. Pat. No.3,639,905 discloses an automatic identification system which measuresthe electrical resistance of the skin surface and additionally measuresboth the shadow of the human hand and the pulsations of surfacereflections from the fingers of the hand.

I have discovered an apparatus for use in both the identification ofindividuals and the diagnosis of the health or disease condition of aportion of a human body.

The use of embodiments of my invention will be helpful in determining,by way of example, the condition of a fractured bone and its healingprogression and possibly the condition of arterial disease, tumorgrowth, bone aging or deterioration. Other uses such as those suggestedin my U.S. Pat. 3,872,443 also have potential with embodiments of thepresent invention.

SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus capableof distinguishing unique characteristics of different bodies and fordisplaying these characteristics as an aid in identifying persons and indiagnosing their health.

The invention includes an apparatus for determining a body partcharacteristic by measuring the polarization shift effected by said bodypart upon wave energy transmitted through the body part. The inventionfurther encompasses a wave energy transducer for applying the waveenergy to a first body part at a selected polarization and a circuitmeans connected to the wave generating transducer for energizing it. Theapparatus further comprises a plurality of receiving transducers mountedin side by side arcuate arrangement for at least partially surrounding asecond body part for receiving wave energy transmitted through a portionof said body. A second circuit means is connected to each of theplurality of receiving transducers for detecting the magnitude of thewave energy received by each.

Further objects and features of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing specification and claims when considered in connection withthe accompanying drawings illustrating the preferred embodiment of theinvention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graphical diagram illustrating the theory and operation ofthe preferred embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph further illustrating the theory and operation of thepreferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph further illustrating an aspect of the theory andoperation of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic pictorial view illustrating a rudimentary formof the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic pictorial view illustrating an alternativeembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a more sophisticated embodimentof the present invention.

In describing the invention as illustrated in the drawings, specificterminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, it isnot intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected and it isto be understood that each specific term includes all technicalequivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similarpurpose.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Wave energy, such as electromagnetic or sonic waves, may be transmittedthrough various media. If the transmission medium is a physical bodythen wave energy may be applied at one part of the body, transmittedthrough the body and received at another body part. Changes in the waveenergy effected by the portion of the body through which the wave energyis transmitted, may be found by comparing the input or applied waveenergy to the received or detected wave energy. Wave energy has, ofcourse, various parameters. These include amplitude, frequency, phaseand polarization.

I have discovered that unique characteristics of a portion of a body maybe determined by measuring the shift in polarization effected by thebody portion upon wave energy transmitted through that body portion.Thus, wave energy is applied to a first part of a body with a selectedpolarization with respect to the body. Then the polarization of the waveenergy transmitted through the portion of the body from the first bodypart is detected at a second body part. The shift in polarization of thewave energy as it is transmitted from the first body part to the secondbody part may then be subjectively analyzed by means of the humanjudgment of doctors or technicians or alternatively may be machineprocessed in many ways including the manner described below. Thepreferred form of wave energy is a physical vibration or sonic signalalthough electromagnetic signals or combinations of electromagnetic andphysical vibration sonic signals should also reveal useful information.

The polarization of wave energy is the orientation of its oscillationsor in more complex systems may be the orientation of the oscillation ofmaximum amplitude. For example, a tightly stretched string may be drivenat one point with vertical oscillations. These oscillation wouldordinarily be transmitted along the string so that other points willsimilarly oscillate in a vertical orientation. Thus, a small segment ofstring selected at random will, unless it is a node, be found tophysically move back and forth in a vertical plane. Ordinarily, if astring is driven in a horizontal direction or at any other orientation,the entire string will vibrate or oscillate in the plane of its drivingenergy.

However, more complex bodies may cause a shift in the orientation of theoscillations. Oscillations applied in a vertical direction for examplemay be transmitted through the medium in such a manner that at a pointspaced from the point of application, the oscillations of the mediumoccur at some inclination to the vertical.

FIG. 1, for example, diagrammatically and pictorially illustrates thepolarization shift of an applied oscillation. Line 8 represents a bodywith axes 10 and 12 drawn at one end and axes 14 and 16 at another.Intersecting axes are drawn perpendicular to each other and each pair ofaxes is perpendicular to the body 8.

If energy is applied in a vertical direction at a point 18 and isrepresented by vertical vector 20, this energy will be transmitted alongthe body 8. The applied vector 20 may be reflected onto the axes 10 and12 as vector 20A.

At a point 22 spaced from point 18 the oscillations may be oriented inthe direction illustrated by vector 24, which is reflected as vector24A. Similarly, at a more further spaced point 26, the oscillation maybe represented by a further rotated vector 28 reflected as vector 28A.Finally, the wave energy may be received at a point 30 at which theoscillations are further rotated to the orientation of vector 32reflected as vector 32A onto axes 10 and 12.

Reflected vectors 20A and 32A are illustrated in FIG. 2. The differencein orientation between these two vectors is the polarization shift φ andis dependent upon the characteristics of the medium as well as thedistance from the application point 18 to the detection point 30.

In most physical bodies some oscillating wave energy will be observed inall directions at a place spaced from the place of application of thewave energy. This could be represented by a graph 34 illustrated in FIG.3 which is the continuum of points for all vectors representing detectedoscillations in all directions. The shape and magnitude of such apattern 34 is indicative of the characteristics of the medium throughwhich the wave energy was transmitted. However, since such a patternnormally exhibits peaks, the peak may be represented for some purposesby a peak vector 36. Data representing either the pattern 34 or thevector 36 may be stored and processed in computing machines, forexample, in the form of rectangular or radial coordinates.

FIG. 4 represents a simple embodiment of the invention used to analyzethe characteristics of a human arm 38. An electronic audio oscillator40, preferably having a variable frequency, is connected to energize atransducer 42. Typically the transducer would be of the piezoelectric orelectromagnetic type. Of course, low energy, high frequencyelectromagnetic radiation systems might alternatively be used.

The transducer 42 applies an oscillatory wave energy signal to a firstpart of the body such as to the bony protrusion of the ulna bone at aselected polarization with respect to the body part. For example, if thetransducer is positioned directly beneath the bony protrusion and aconventional transducer such as an audio speaker is used, theoscillations will be applied at a vertical polarization. A secondtransducer 44, which may be of the same type as transducer 42, forconverting the transmitted vibrations to electrical signals ispositioned in a vicinity of the wrist. It is connected to an electronicamplitude detector 46 to provide an output which is proportional to theamplitude of the signal transmitted to the receiving transducer 44. Suchan output could, for example, be a digital read-out meter.

An operator can then position the transducer 44 at various angularpositions about the wrist until the position of maximum amplitude isfound. The orientation of this position of maximum amplitude is thennoted so that the difference between it and the vertical orientation ofthe applied signal may then be determined.

Alternatively, the amplitude of the oscillations at a plurality ofspaced positions can be recorded and utilized to manually plot thepattern such as pattern 34 illustrated in FIG. 3.

The same procedure can subsequently be applied to a subsequent arm.Recorded data representing the polarization shift or pattern can becompared to previously recorded similar data to determine whether thepolarization shift of the first test is sufficiently close to thesubsequently recorded data that it represents the arm of the identicallysame person.

Similarly, medical personnel can record data for body parts sufferingfrom differing types of known trauma or disease. Subsequent patients canbe diagnosed according to the invention and the recorded data of thepatient compared to data representing known medical conditions. Asimilarity in characteristics can then be utilized to aid a doctor inthe diagnosis of similar conditions.

Of course, the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 4 is in a most elementary,crude and unsophisticated form. More sophisticated automatic apparatuswill become apparent from the disclosure of this patent application tothose skilled in the electronics and computing arts.

The appratus of FIG. 4 can be improved in the manner illustrated in FIG.5 by providing a plurality of receiving transducers 48 which are mountedin side-by-side arcuate arrangement and at least partially surroundingthe second part of the body. Oscillating wave energy is applied by atransducer 50 connected to an audio oscillator in the cabinet 52. In amost rudimentary form, each of the transducers in the receivingtransducer 48 may be connected to a rotary switch 54 so that each may beselectively connected to the input of a detector and display meter 56built into the cabinet 52.

In its operation, each of the transducers would detect the oscillationsat a different angular orientation. The signals from each transducer maybe observed on the meter 56 by selecting the particular transducer withthe rotary switch 54. Automatic circuitry including analog to digitalconvertors, sequencing and switching circuits and other computingcircuits can be used to automatically perform the same operations andelectronically record the same data.

Furthermore, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatcomputer techniques can be utilized to graphically display a patternsuch as that illustrated in FIG. 3 or alternatively to also compute thepolarization shift by the subtraction of the initial polarization fromthe detected polarization. The machine would also easily be designed forselecting the particular transducer and therefore the polarizationorientation angle of the maximum amplitude of oscillation.

Further, once data representing the polarization shift is computed itwould be elementary to store such data in the computer storage forprocessing at a subsequent time. For example, elementary computertechnology can be applied to compare a subsequently measuredpolarization shift to an earlier measured polarization shift todetermine whether the two are within a preselected tolerance. A computercould then signal an indication that the subsequently measured person isidentical to the earlier measured person if the polarization shifts arewithin the preselected tolerance.

The method and apparatus of the invention may be further enhanced byutilizing wave energy signals at a plurality of different frequencies.For example, a polarization shift characteristic can be obtained byplotting or recording polarization shift against frequency. Such a plotwould give a polarization shift characteristic for a particular body.Subsequently, similar data could be obtained and plotted or recorded fora subsequent body. Comparison of these data may then be used foridentification of individuals by determining whether the characteristicsare within a preselected tolerance or for medical diagnosis by comparingone polarization shift characteristic with a known polarization shiftcharacteristics for a particular condition.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram utilizing modern data processing equipment asan aid in performing the method of the present invention. The heart ofthe processing system is a central processor-controller 60. An audiooscillator 62 drives the transmitting transducer 64 and also appliesoscillator frequency data to the central processor through ananalog/digital converter 66. The transducer 64 applies oscillating waveenergy to the body 68 which is transmitted along the body 68 to areceiving transducer 70 of the type illustrated in FIG. 5. Each of theoutputs from the transducer 70 is connected to a register 72 forscanning each of the individual component transducers in sequence uponthe command of the central porcessor 60. Data representing the amplitudeof the received wave energy for each polarization angle is applied tothe central processor through an analog to digital converter 74 andstored in the storage means 76.

The receiving transducer 70 would have an indicia thereon so that aparticular one of its component transducers would represent nopolarization shift and this particular one will be properly orientedwith respect to the transmitting transducer 64. Data gathered and storedduring the measurement of one body and data from a subsequent body canbe processed by the central processor with the aid of comparator 78 andarithmetic, data computing circuits.

It is to be understood that while the detailed drawings and specificexamples given describe the preferred embodiments of the invention, theyare for the purpose of illustration only, that the apparatus of theinvention as well as the method is not limited to the precise detailsand conditions disclosed and that various changes may be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit of the invention which is defined bythe following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for determining the polarizationshift of wave energy transmitted through a portion of a body, theapparatus comprising:a. a wave generating transducer for applying waveenergy to a first body part at a selected polarization; b. first circuitmeans connected to said wave generating transducer for energizing saidwave generating transducer; c. a plurality of receiving transducersmounted in side-by-side arcuate arrangement for at least partiallysurrounding a second body part and for receiving wave energy transmittedthrough a portion of said body; and d. second circuit means fordetecting the magnitude of the wave energy received by each of saidreceiving transducers.